During real-time data processing, recorded signals are converted into an output of the closed-loop system (Sitaram et al., 2017). Ideally, noise-reduction and feature extraction approaches are used to remove artifacts and convert the original time series into standardized and informative measures of neural activity (Gruzelier, 2014). Processing algorithms used to achieve better data quality vary between imaging techniques and regions of interest and remain an active field for methodological research. For example, EEG-based protocols usually involve self-regulation of frequencies or electrical potentials of specific EEG channels (Enriquez-Geppert et al., 2017). On the other hand, fNIRS- and fMRI-based neurofeedback systems focus on the up- or down-regulation of the hemodynamic signal in specific brain areas.
Noteworthy, mood and anxiety influence cognitive performance, and may hence mediate observed effects (McDermott and Ebmeier, 2009; de Vito et al., 2019). Standardized clinical mood scales may further be complemented by measurements that allow disentangling changes in symptoms that occur within and between training sessions (Mehler et al., 2021). In addition to clinical scales, which bear the risk of a reductionist view of treatment effects, using additional qualitative or semi-quantitative measures (e.g., testimonials of patients, relatives, and care-givers) may be worthwhile.
In the bipolar recording, an EEG record reflects the result of the interaction of two electrically active points (for example, frontal and occipital leads). Low beta or so-called Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR) (12-15 Hz) is thought to be ‘fast idle’, or musing thought. It is reflecting mental alertness, physical relaxation and closely related to readiness for action and attentive listening. Brain states involve the synchronisation of different brain regions, something that’s been most readily observed in animal models, usually rodents. The latter is particularly relevant to Shinzen Young and Jay Sanguinetti, co-directors of the Sonication Enhanced Mindful Awareness (SEMA) lab at the University of Arizona.
Many individuals seeking to improve their mental health or cognitive function have turned to neurofeedback as a way to change their brain waves. However, some may wonder, “Is there another way to change brain waves except neurofeedback?”
Others believe just the opposite — that an authentic experience comes about only after someone spends lots of time and effort developing a practice. For one thing, people have been using tech to induce altered states of consciousness for millennia. We may not be used to thinking of tools like prayer wheels, mandalas, rosaries, or rhythmic drumming in shamanic dances as spiritual technologies, but that’s exactly what they are. Many psychedelics, such as magic mushrooms and mescaline, are naturally occurring.
There has been lots of research into brain waves, and it’s been determined that in general, only one of the four main brainwave states (Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta) can be dominant at any given time, however, the other three are present to some degree. So, when someone is thinking cognitively, using their brain to solve a problem and is therefore exhibiting beta brainwave patterns, alpha, delta and theta waves can still be present, but at a very very low level. The qEEG-report is the assessment process that allows us to determine the brain wave patterns by gathering information about the electrical activity of specific locations of the brain. To do this, we place what looks like a swim cap with a number of sensors on your head to measure the brain wave activity of the various frequency bands.
Moreover, patients showed improvements in several domains of the Central Nervous System Vital Signs (CNSVS) neurocognitive test battery, including the visual and composite memory, cognitive flexibility, complex attention, reaction time, and executive function. The authors also report a significantly better performance in an N-back working memory task at the primary outcome, and a significant correlation between the beta power and the session numbers. However, this single-group study did not control for non-specific, rendering the interpretation of the reported symptomatic changes difficult. It’s unknown how long these effects might last and whether this kind of control could be achieved with other types of brain waves, such as beta waves, which are linked to Parkinson’s disease. The researchers are now planning additional studies of whether this type of neurofeedback training might help people suffering from attentional or other neurological disorders.
Alternative Methods
While neurofeedback is a popular and effective method for changing brain waves, it is not the only approach available. There are several alternative methods that individuals can explore to achieve similar results:
Meditation
One of the most well-known methods for changing brain waves is through meditation. By practicing mindfulness and focusing on your breath or a specific mantra, you can alter your brain wave patterns and achieve a state of relaxation and clarity.
Binaural Beats
Another alternative method is using binaural beats, which involve listening to two different frequencies in each ear. This technique has been shown to influence brain waves and promote relaxation, focus, or even sleep.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Are there any side effects to these alternative methods? – Most alternative methods for changing brain waves are safe and non-invasive, with minimal to no side effects reported.
- How long does it take to see results? – The time it takes to see results may vary depending on the individual and the method used, but consistent practice is key for optimal benefits.
While neurofeedback is a widely-used method for changing brain waves, there are alternative approaches that individuals can explore. From meditation to binaural beats, these methods offer effective ways to achieve similar results without the need for specialized equipment or training.
