We thank Dr. N. Beker for her help constructing the statistical models and we thank all the patients and personnel of the Alzheimer Center Amsterdam for their work and for participating in the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort. However, if you think about it our brains are changing across our lifetimes. More recent studies have described 14-and 6-Hz positive bursts in 0.53% (Santoshkumar et al., 2009), 0.6% (Rathore et al., 2021) and to 5,68% (Radhakrishnan et al., 1999) and 8.3% (Macorig et al., 2021) of their EEGs looking at a wide age range of prevalence. “Primum non nocere – First, do no harm” is part of the original Hippocratic oath. This is also important for clinical EEG reading, as over-diagnosing patients can do great harm. As a neurologist specializing in epilepsy, I use EEG on a daily basis.
Table 1 presents the function criteria used to establish the cognitive health of subjects for each age group. To discover more evidence-based information and resources for Alzheimer’s and dementia, visit our dedicated hub. Doctors may use EEGs when a person has a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) to help them assess and monitor cognitive function. However, using EEGs in this way is not commonplace, and research is ongoing into their use in this area. To discover more evidence-based information and resources on the science of healthy sleep, visit our dedicated hub. Sleep disorders include problems with the amount or quality of sleep a person has, often due to an underlying physical or emotional cause.
First, zscore1 was extracted by inputting it into the ISB-NormDB (ISB-NormDB-Male or ISB-NormDB-Female) suitable for the sex of each subject, and zscore2 was extracted by inputting it into the ISB-NormDB-Total. Electroencephalogram (EEG) preprocessing was performed to denoise all data and minimize the effects of artifacts. During the first stage of EEG preprocessing, the signals were sampled at 250 Hz and filtered with a bandpass filter of 1∼45.5 Hz range. The EEG were then passed through a notch filter in preparation for downstream processing, including re-referencing (CAR), bad epoch rejection (ASR), and advanced mixture independent component analysis (amICA). Finally, artifacts identified via electromyogram (EMG) and electrooculogram (EOG) were removed to yield cleaned QEEG normative data.
In addition to symmetry and continuity, consider the anterior posterior gradient, in which faster, lower amplitude frequencies are present towards the front of the brain while slower, higher amplitude frequencies are found in the back of the brain. The AP gradient leads into the last component of organization, the posterior dominant rhythm (PDR), discussed in the next section. In one first case, we determined the Z-score of a young male (aged 10.2 years) with developmental disabilities. We compared zscore1 calculated with parameter values (mean, standard deviation) of ISB-NormDB-Male using only male data, with zscore2 calculated with parameter values (mean, standard deviation) of ISB-NormDB-Total using both male and female data.
An EEG, or electroencephalogram, is a test that measures the electrical activity in the brain. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain tumors. One question that often arises is, “What is a normal EEG score?”
In general, a normal EEG score is one that shows a balanced and consistent pattern of electrical activity in the brain. This means that there are no abnormal spikes or waves that could indicate a seizure or other neurological disorder. A normal EEG typically consists of rhythmic alpha waves when the eyes are closed, and beta waves when the eyes are open.
It is thought to be generated in the rolandic region of the frontal and parietal lobes in relation to functions of the sensorimotor cortices. The technologist should instruct the patient to wiggle their thumb to distinguish mu from alpha; mu will attenuate, whereas alpha is unchanged, by movement or intention to move. In this study, we aimed to better understand the clinical value of visually normal EEG recordings in patients with AD dementia. In particular, we investigated the clinical profile and predictive value of normal EEGs in patients with AD dementia. We compared baseline demographics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile, cognition, and the clinical progression between patients with normal and abnormal EEGs.
When interpreting an EEG score, doctors will look for abnormalities such as sharp waves, spike discharges, or slowing of brain waves. These abnormalities can indicate various neurological conditions and may require further testing or treatment.
It is important to remember that EEG scores can vary depending on the individual’s age, medical history, and specific symptoms. What is considered normal for one person may be abnormal for another. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate interpretation of an EEG score.
